1. A History of Political Authority

< 1648

Absolute Monarchy

1648

Westphalia: State Sovereignty

1945

United Nations: Humanitarian Ideals

1999

September, Kofi Annan: Limit to Legitimate Sovereignty

2001

September 11 and after: ?

2. The Pendulum Dialectic

Hegel the Taoist

Thesis

Antithesis

Synthesis/Equilibrium

- Absolute Sovereignty

- Responsibility to Protect
- Humanitarian Intervention

- Tenuous Equilibrium between Sovereignty and R2P
- Thomas Weiss: "Governments redefine national interests through the push and pull of domestic politics."
- Civil Society: The Other Superpower
- Ottawa Process, SALW?, Depleted Uranium

Hostile to HI:
Russia, China, pariahs

Lukewarm to HI:
Large developing countries

Enthusiasm for HI:
West and sub-Saharan Africa

- Thomas Weiss: "To state that ideas and values are important in and of themselves does not mean that they are divorced from power and interests."

- Boutros-Gali: "The time of absolute and exclusive sovereignty...has passed."

- Leader: frame and sell the issue
- Are sovereignty and HI mutually exclusive?

- Thomas Weiss: "They are worried that the wideranging demand for intervention will waste resources and distract Washington from truly important issues of national security." Short-sighted?
- USA's Article 98 bilateral agreements that undermine the ICC
- USA's "Hague Invasion Act"

- Annan: "Frontiers are not the absolute defense," "sovereignty is no longer sacrosanct."
- Truth and Reconciliation Commissions as means of adding restorative to retributive justice models

- Francis Deng: "Sovereignty as Responsibility"
- Thomas Weiss: "The lowered threshold for outside military force is approaching conventional wisdom."
- OSCE vision
- EU RRF
-UN RRF's (Americas, EU/Africa, Asia)

- No intervention likely in Chechnya, Tibet or Kashmir (imposing on Russia, China, and India/Pakistan), but possible in East Timor (Indonesia can be opposed, though).
- P5 veto
- Abuse: US + Coalition invasion of Iraq 2003

- Double or triple veto
- Veto over-ride procedures
- Expanding P5 (India, Brazil, Nigeria)
- Expanding UNSC non-permament membership

Sovereignty:
1. territory,
2. people,
3. authority, PLUS
4. "minimum standard of human rights"
(4. recognition, now being expanded to include R2P)

3. The (Present) Kindergarten Phase of the R2P Learning Curve

Y-Axis is Global Expertise in Humanitarian Intervention, Human Security and Responsibility to Protect
X-Axis is time

Point on X-Axis	Event
-2	Northern Iraq
-1.8	Somalia
-1.75	Rwanda
-1.3	Bosnia
-0.8	East Timor
-0.65	Kosovo
0.0	2010? Debate: "standards, trigger mechanisms and compliance"
0.5	2015?
1.0	2020?
1.5	2025?

4. The Future: "Juxtaposing ideals and realpolitik"

- Thomas Weiss: "Humanitarians with hearts on their sleeves lament the pernicious influence of politics." [I grudgingly recognize the poignancy of realism.]

1. Pushing the Curve: through the defense policy review, Canada should engage in principled leadership to double our military spending over the next decade to support, underwrite and staff UN RRF initiatives.

"The Canadian Forces must have the ability to fulfil any mission necessary to effectively defend Canada, protect the continent and contribute to international peace and security." Defense Minister David Pratt, in Charlottetown's Guardian on February 27, 2004. Contributing to international peace and security is the focus we should pursue and promote.

2. Naming the Curve: exploring "standards, trigger mechanisms and compliance" while within the crucible of HI.

3. Applying Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs to the help define the human security paradigm: hsp

The Human Security Paradigm

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Physiological	Human Security: Totally Insecure (Personally Disempowered) - Torture, rape, enslavement, genocide, forced migration, starvation, malnutrition
Safety	- Homelessness - Subsistence income
Love	- Time to nurture relationships
Esteem	- Public education, health, CPP, EI, welfare
Self-Actualization	- Emotional, artistic, creative freedom - Material luxury (?) Very Secure (Personally Empowered)

How about a Semester End Party?

see http://dgiVista.org/party?

dali global intelligentsia Vista dot org
dali	Because sometimes the surreal is the only viable approach
global	The big picture is the only picture
intelligentsia	Since we're all in this together, let's put our minds together
Vista	We're dead without a vision. What's yours?
dot org	We're no dot com

The Pendulum Dialectic: Enacting the Paradigm of Human Security